![]() ![]() Transportation Transportation to the nearest physician or hospital for employees requiring medical care as a result of an on-the-job accident shall be at the expense of the Employer. Personnel Provide, without remuneration from or other cost to the Trust, the services of individuals competent to perform the administrative functions which are not performed by employees or other agents engaged by the Trust or by the Adviser acting in some other capacity pursuant to a separate agreement or arrangement with the Trust. ![]() The Company reserves the right to cancel or change the benefit plans and programs it offers to its employees at any time. Whether the more- uniform distribution of much-less biomass is more beneficial to scavengers ( increases reproduction and sur- vival) than the much- greater biomass available in total without predation is a fair question that is not yet answered.īenefits 17.01 The Employer agrees, during the term of the Collective Agreement, to contribute towards the premium coverage of participating eligible employees in the active employ of the Employer under the insurance plans set out below subject to their respective terms and conditions including any enrolment requirements:Įmployee Benefits During the Employment Term, Executive will be entitled to participate in the employee benefit plans currently and hereafter maintained by the Company of general applicability to other senior executives of the Company. Furthermore, much carrion from seasonal bursts of mortality lingers for many months. Nevertheless many scavengers cache surplus food they obtain during bursts of ungulate mortality so as to compensate for temporal fluctuations in food (Smith and Reichman, 1984). However, if wolves had not killed the animal, and it had died on its own, scavengers would have had 7–10 times the amount of food as on a wolf-eaten carcass.It is true that generally when ungulates perish without preda- tion, that mortality tends to occur more in seasonal bursts, whereas predation tends to distribute carrion more uniformly through the year (Mech, 1970 Wilmers et al., 2003). That is, when wolves kill a prey animal, they almost always eat most of it the scavengers take the leftovers. Hebblewhite and Smith (2010) recognized one offsetting factor when stating that if wolves do reduce prey numbers, they also reduce total prey biomass, which would then be detrimental to scavengers.Another important factor that neither Hebblewhite and Smith (2010) nor the authors of scavenger studies have recognized is that in most areas wolves reduce the available biomass of individual prey carcasses by 75–100% ( Peterson and Ciucci, 2003), although not yet as much in Yellowstone. Nevertheless whether wolf predation in- creases scavenger reproduction and survival more than other types of mortality has not been measured. However wolf kills are temporally and spatially distributed more evenly than starva- tion die-offs, for example. ![]() Certainly many species do feed on wolf kills, as they do on any carrion. Furthermore, some researchers have suggested that wolf predation might reduce glo- bal warming effects on scavengers by providing a more regular car- rion supply (Wilmers and Getz, 2005). In Banff National Park some 20 species were recorded feeding on wolf kills (Hebblewhite and Smith, 2010). Effects upon a second value reported for wolves is that they benefit scavengers, every creature from bears to beetles, and ra- vens ( Corvus corax) to eagles (Wilmers et al., 2003 Sikes, 1994).
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